Channel: Pharma Research Simplified clear
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| 1 | Pharma Research Simplified | Immunomodulation | 1977 | 20 | 48.8 | 13:09 | Hi, today we will see about immunomodulation. So immunomodulation means modulation of the immune system, modulation particularly means regulatory adjustment. So as a part of immunotherapy and according to therapeutic goals, immune responses are either induced, amplified, attenuated or prevented. So this immunomodulation therapy involves therapeutics which are called as immunomodulators that are substances that help to regulate the immune system. Concept of immunomodulation. It involves non-specific activation of function and efficiency of macrophages, granulose diet, complement, natural killer cells, lymphocytes or production of various effector molecules which gives protection against bacteria, viruses or fungile. So that is alternative to conventional chemotherapy. Diseases related to immune system dysfunction involves inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, orthodox clearosis, hypersensitivity and cancer. Autoimmunity means inappropriate reaction to self-entigen. So examples of autoimmune disorders includes mayas, thinnium, gravies, typhoon, diabetes malitis, systemic leopards, arrhythmic metasus, grieves disease, celiac disease, pernicious andemia, dimadied arthritis, multiple sclerosis, hypersensitivity means hyperactive immune response. The treatment of inflammatory and immune related diseases due to defects or disorders of the immune system necessitates the modulation of the immune response. So immune system involves two components that is in it in immunity as well as adaptive immunity. So in it immunity protects against pathogen, then it will stimulate adaptive immunity. Also in in it immunity protects pathogen which is most rapidly acting depends on neutrophils, spectrophages, dendritic cells and monocytes. Among these all leukocytes, these are all leukocytes which perform phagocytic activities. By chemo-taxis leukocyte predation and pathogen engulfment which leads to intracellular killing and ultimately results is elimination of pathogen. Also from that macrophages are involved in the release of nitric oxide by inducible nitric oxide synthase. Also macrophages modulate adaptive immunity by presenting antigen to CD4T cells through major histocompatibility complex to antigen. Also CD4T cells perform their functions by TH1, TH2, TH17 and TH3D4T reglit results. Also they help B cells develop into plasma cells and activate T cells to become activated cytotoxic T cells. Adaptive immunity which is responsible for enhancing the protection which involves mainly two cells that is T cells as well as B cells. Leucocytes perform phagocytic activities as I told you that is chemo-taxis leukocyte adhesion and pathogen engulfment. First one is chemo-taxis performed by leukocytes. So phagocytes migrate towards chemo-adractant such as complement C3A and complement C3B and formal metheonyl-luosyl vinyl alanine which is a bacterial product. So chemo-adractants utilize a similar signal transduction system that is G-froutine coupled receptor involving platelet activating factor receptor, formal metheonyl-luosyl phenyl-aneline receptor and complement C5A receptor. So interaction of chemo-atrector and its receptor stimulates cytoskeletal reorganization, calcium mobilization, de-cranulation in heterologous cells types. Next function performed by leukocytes is leukocyte adhesion which is initiated by selection interaction followed by the interaction of leukocyte integrain of the CD18 complex on the surface of phagocytes. So phagocytes is of microorganism, triggers super-acid radical generation which releases reactive oxidants which is such as hydroxyl radical, hypoclores acid, chloramides, through the activity of myeloperoxidies. So the basic mechanism by which the house defend the body against infection involves destroying the pathogen or either by enhancing the body's immunity. Plants are the integral and essential part in complementary and alternative medicine due to their ability to develop formation of second remittable, like proteins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and phenolic substances, forms of immunomodulation. So immunomodulation involves both natural as well as human induced modulation and thus the word can refer to homeostasis and immunomodulation. Animal models use to study immunomodulatory activity. This one is cyclophosphoid induced immunosuppression model. It can be performed in Swiss albino mice or in rats. In Swiss albino mice cyclophosphamide is given at the dose of 30 milliampere per body weight through IP route. So dose may vary depending on duration. Cyclophosphamide is alkylating agent used in antinoblastic therapy such as lymphoma, myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It acts as on both cyclic and intermitotic cells and results in dupletion of immunocompetent cells. Immune parameters or ICs. So evaluation of immunomodulation involves either hematological parameter assessment, lymphrofil adhesion test, complement C3, IgM level, favoritivity activity, SOD level or lassozyme activity. In vivo-Ssays involved, estimation of specific antibody profile and title to specific response, delayed type hypersensitivity response. Splin-focci which is also called as colon deformation has saved for immunostimulant activity. Immune or progression of auto-human disease in experimental animal models for immunosuppressant activity. Prevention of allographed or gene-ographic rejection. Evolution in drug-ent malaria and Japanese encyclitis virus models for immunostimulant activity. Immune or modulatory activity in functional assays involving X vivo or in vivo experiments involves stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cytokine release in mononuclear post-inluptocytes, T cell stimulation, activity of monocytes, natural killer cell activity, tissue culture virus challenge, antitumoral activity of stimulated Cera and granulocyte activities. So what are cytokines? These are no molecular weight proteins which includes interleukines, interferons, chemokines, monokines and certain growth factors. They play a significant role in co-ordinating early responses of monocyte microfages, beneratic cells and lymphocytes. Also stimulating facoside migration, initiation, recognition, regulation of the inflammatory cell process and they also serve as an important component of innate immunity. So there are two types of cytokines that is two inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory. Pro-inflammatory cytokines involves two more neck crosses factor alpha, interleukin 1, interleukin 6, interleukin 18, interleukin 8 and anti-inflammatory cytokines are IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13. Two inflammatory cytokines released is regulated by NF-CAPAB that is nuclear factor KAPAB and mytojan activated protein kinase pathway. So immunomodulation involves increasing WBCRPC percentage hemoglobin and percentage neutral field addition in case of hematologic parameters. Imminomodulate reactivity through the regulation of cellular process involved in inflammation involves NF-CAPAB signaling in plamozum activation and autofagy flux. Imminopathology of coronavirus disease 2009. That is weak innate antiviral responses as a result of inadequate production of the antiviral cytokines that is type 1 and type 3 interferons. Imminoblast flow inflammatory responses with high levels of chemokine, unsyptokine expression. Immune related signaling pathways and genes. So there are three main pathways involved regarding immune regulation involving nuclear factor KAPAB, activator of transcription and signal transducers. Another of transcription involves stat pathway, PPAR1, pathway, mechanistic target of repamacing, extracellular signal regulated kinase, AMP activated protein kinase, immune related genes, IL-1 beta, TNAB, FAM, MYD88, MX1. These are the genes involved in immune regulation. And that, mixed virus resistant 1 protein facilitates defense against a diverse range of viruses. Whereas, myelod differentiation factor 88 plays important role in host defense against bacterial infections, which is important adaptor molecule in the toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Approved drug with the immunomodulatory effects. So there are two classes of drugs approved for the immunomodulatory activity. That is treatment of common diseases involving drugs like statins, metformin and juteinsin receptor blocker and anticancer drugs like thelidomide and throcycline, demethylating agents. Imminobodulatory effects of drugs for effective cancer chemotherapy. Immunovotorosis in cancer immunotherapy includes immune checkpoint inhibitors and adaptivity cell therapies. Immunovotorosis in inhibitors consists of monoclonal antibodies, which make them highly expensive. So improved cancer outcome can be given by altering patient's immune-sufferative status or by enhancing anti-tumor activity. Still, many cancers with no cure. So enhancing anti-cancer immune immunity will play an important role in cancer treatment. Thank you. | ↗ |