Channel: worldstemcell clear
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| 1 | worldstemcell | Cellular Reprogramming Animation | 49540 | 370 | 56.2 | 2:47 | in order to create induced plur potent stem cells a large population of reprogrammable somatic cells is required many sematic cells have been successfully reprogrammed however fiberblast cells are commonly utilized because they can be easily extracted from a patient using a safe and non-invasive skin biopsy and are easy to culture in a lab fiberblast cells are somatic cells that produce connective tissue morphologically the cells appear flat and they secrete collagen and elastic fibers that make up The extracellular Matrix every cell type in an organism apart from gyes and undifferentiated stem cells are somatic cells each somatic cell has a unique structure and function due to a distinct combination of genes that the cell actively transcribes and translates into functional proteins the difference in gene expression between different somatic cells is largely due to the structural organization of the chromosomes in each cell chromosomes can exist in two forms the DNA can either be tightly wound around histone proteins to yield heterochromatin or the DNA can be Loosely Unwound to form UK chromatin this Loosely Unwound DNA permits The Binding of transcription factors and other transcriptional Machinery such as RNA polymerase to the Gene's promoter region once the transcriptional Machinery has bound Gene transcription begins and a molecule known as messenger RNA is made when the DNA exists in a tightly wound configuration the DNA is not exposed to the transcription machinery and transcription does not occur in this manner the cell can regulate the genes it does and does not express in fact out of the 20 to 25,000 genes of the human genome a somatic cell will only express a small fraction of the genes at any given time and the rest of the genes are considered transcriptionally silent this is the case for the reprogramming factors OCT 4 sock 2 klf4 and cmyc in the fiber blasts because these genes are not actively expressed scientists must induce the expression of these genes artificially using transgenic strategies there are a number of methods available for artificially overexpressing genes in a Cell the yena group utilized retroviral vectors as the method to deliver the trans genes encoded for the four reprogramming factors oct4 Sox 2 klf4 and cmyc the retroviral vectors deliver the four trans genes into the cells the trans genes are then integrated into the host's genome thereby permitting its long-term gene expression amazingly when the four trans genes are coexpressed in the same somatic cell the differentiated cell is reprogrammed into a plur poent like state | ↗ |